Linear regression

In the following section, we performed traditional linear regression with equation \[Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 *X\] where \(Y\) is one of the epigenetic age accelerations, and \(X\) is one of the ambient exposure measurements or the urinary measurements.

The estimations of \(\beta_1\) with given \(Y\) and \(X\) are shown below, which can be interpreted as “the mean of Y changes given a one-unit increase in X while holding other variables constant”.

Ambient Exposure

## X: Ambient Exposure Measurements:
##                                                  bap               pm25
## Horvath EAA                       -0.0063   (0.0046) 0.0021    (0.0022)
## Hannum EAA                        -0.0022   (0.0042) -0.0002   (0.002 )
## PhenoAge EAA                      -0.0035   (0.0045) -0.0017   (0.0022)
## Skin&Blood EAA                    0.0029    (0.0034) -0.0005   (0.0017)
## GrimAge EAA                       0.0015    (0.0031) 0.001     (0.0015)
## DNAmTL                            0.0001    (0.0002) 0         (0.0001)
## IEAA                              -0.0083*  (0.0041) 0.0024    (0.002 )
## EEAA                              -0.0008   (0.0053) 0.0001    (0.0026)
##                [P<0.001: ***; P<0.01: **; P<0.05: *]               <NA>
##                               ANY                BPE                BaA
## Horvath EAA    0.0009 ***(0.0003) -0.0067   (0.0043) -0.0037   (0.0028)
## Hannum EAA     0.0004    (0.0003) -0.003    (0.004 ) -0.0014   (0.0025)
## PhenoAge EAA   0.0005    (0.0003) -0.0055   (0.0043) -0.001    (0.0027)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.0004    (0.0002) 0.0027    (0.0032) 0.0013    (0.0021)
## GrimAge EAA    0.0006 ***(0.0002) 0.001     (0.0029) 0.0013    (0.0019)
## DNAmTL         0         (0     ) 0         (0.0002) 0         (0.0001)
## IEAA           0.0008 ** (0.0002) -0.0091*  (0.0038) -0.0047   (0.0025)
## EEAA           0.0006    (0.0003) -0.0019   (0.005 ) -0.0004   (0.0032)
##                              <NA>               <NA>               <NA>
##                               BbF                BkF                CHR
## Horvath EAA    -0.003    (0.0028) -0.0182   (0.0126) -0.003    (0.003 )
## Hannum EAA     -0.0015   (0.0026) -0.0076   (0.0115) -0.0015   (0.0027)
## PhenoAge EAA   -0.0016   (0.0028) -0.0101   (0.0124) -0.0007   (0.003 )
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.0013    (0.0021) 0.0064    (0.0094) 0.0013    (0.0022)
## GrimAge EAA    0.0013    (0.0019) 0.0055    (0.0085) 0.0019    (0.002 )
## DNAmTL         0         (0.0001) 0.0002    (0.0005) 0         (0.0001)
## IEAA           -0.0041   (0.0025) -0.0236*  (0.0112) -0.004    (0.0027)
## EEAA           -0.0006   (0.0032) -0.0033   (0.0146) -0.0004   (0.0035)
##                              <NA>               <NA>               <NA>
##                               DBA                FLT                FLU
## Horvath EAA    -0.0183   (0.0111) -0.0053   (0.0029) 0.0009    (0.0008)
## Hannum EAA     -0.0091   (0.0102) -0.0025   (0.0027) -0.0003   (0.0007)
## PhenoAge EAA   -0.0089   (0.0109) -0.0015   (0.0029) 0.0006    (0.0007)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.0046    (0.0083) -0.0002   (0.0022) 0.0005    (0.0006)
## GrimAge EAA    0.0043    (0.0075) 0.001     (0.002 ) 0.0009    (0.0005)
## DNAmTL         -0.0001   (0.0004) 0.0001    (0.0001) 0         (0     )
## IEAA           -0.0244*  (0.0098) -0.0053*  (0.0026) 0.0007    (0.0007)
## EEAA           -0.0054   (0.0129) -0.0024   (0.0034) -0.0001   (0.0009)
##                              <NA>               <NA>               <NA>
##                               IPY                NAP                PHE
## Horvath EAA    -0.0099   (0.0078) 0.0002 ***(0.0001) 0.0007    (0.0005)
## Hannum EAA     -0.0029   (0.0072) 0.0001    (0.0001) -0.0001   (0.0004)
## PhenoAge EAA   -0.0091   (0.0077) 0.0001 *  (0.0001) 0.0005    (0.0005)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.0058    (0.0058) 0.0001    (0     ) 0.0003    (0.0004)
## GrimAge EAA    0.0035    (0.0053) 0.0001 ***(0     ) 0.0007 *  (0.0003)
## DNAmTL         0.0001    (0.0003) 0         (0     ) 0         (0     )
## IEAA           -0.0143*  (0.0069) 0.0002 ** (0     ) 0.0006    (0.0004)
## EEAA           -0.0014   (0.0091) 0.0001    (0.0001) 0         (0.0006)
##                              <NA>               <NA>               <NA>
##                               PYR
## Horvath EAA    -0.0047   (0.0029)
## Hannum EAA     -0.002    (0.0026)
## PhenoAge EAA   -0.0013   (0.0028)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.0003    (0.0021)
## GrimAge EAA    0.0011    (0.0019)
## DNAmTL         0.0001    (0.0001)
## IEAA           -0.0049   (0.0025)
## EEAA           -0.0018   (0.0033)
##                              <NA>

Urinary Measurements

## X: Urinary Measurements:
##                              Benzanthracene_Chrysene        Naphthalene
## Horvath EAA                       -0.0162   (0.1265) -0.0015** (0.0006)
## Hannum EAA                        0.0352    (0.1136) -0.0012*  (0.0005)
## PhenoAge EAA                      -0.0765   (0.122 ) -0.0011   (0.0006)
## Skin&Blood EAA                    0.0887    (0.0962) -0.0015***(0.0004)
## GrimAge EAA                       0.1007    (0.0846) 0         (0.0004)
## DNAmTL                            -0.0031   (0.005 ) 0         (0     )
## IEAA                              -0.0706   (0.1152) -0.0011*  (0.0005)
## EEAA                              0.0856    (0.1441) -0.0012   (0.0006)
##                [P<0.001: ***; P<0.01: **; P<0.05: *]               <NA>
##                2.Methylnaphthalene 1.Methylnaphthalene       Acenaphthene
## Horvath EAA     -0.0068   (0.0069)  -0.0099   (0.0166) 0.0385    (0.0367)
## Hannum EAA      -0.0046   (0.0063)  -0.021    (0.0148) 0.0341    (0.033 )
## PhenoAge EAA    -0.0096   (0.0066)  -0.0213   (0.0159) 0.0845 *  (0.035 )
## Skin&Blood EAA  -0.0071   (0.0053)  -0.0243   (0.0126) -0.0146   (0.0283)
## GrimAge EAA     0.007     (0.0047)  0.0104    (0.0111) 0.0614 *  (0.0241)
## DNAmTL          -0.0003   (0.0003)  -0.0005   (0.0007) -0.001    (0.0015)
## IEAA            -0.0045   (0.0063)  -0.0035   (0.015 ) 0.0604    (0.0331)
## EEAA            -0.0034   (0.0079)  -0.0196   (0.0189) 0.0409    (0.0419)
##                               <NA>                <NA>               <NA>
##                Phenanthrene_Anthracene       Fluoranthene             Pyrene
## Horvath EAA         0.003  *  (0.0014) 0.0369 *  (0.0165) 0.4084    (0.7656)
## Hannum EAA          0         (0.0013) -0.0026   (0.0152) 0.3312    (0.693 )
## PhenoAge EAA        0.0015    (0.0014) 0.0142    (0.0164) 1.0036    (0.7185)
## Skin&Blood EAA      0.0003    (0.0011) 0.0088    (0.0129) 0.4872    (0.5667)
## GrimAge EAA         0.0029 ** (0.0009) 0.0305 ** (0.011 ) 0.7729    (0.5012)
## DNAmTL              -0.0002** (0.0001) -0.0017** (0.0007) -0.013    (0.0301)
## IEAA                0.0025    (0.0013) 0.029     (0.0152) 0.7624    (0.688 )
## EEAA                0.0004    (0.0016) 0.0017    (0.0193) 0.5581    (0.8757)
##                                   <NA>               <NA>               <NA>

Fuel type

In the following section, we performed traditional linear regression with equation \[Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 * I(Smoky) + \beta_2 * I(Plant) + \beta_3 * I(Wood)\] where \(Y\) is one of the epigenetic age accelerations and the reference as the smokeless fuel type.

The estimations of \(\beta_0\), \(\beta_1\), \(\beta_2\), and \(\beta_3\) with given \(Y\) are shown below, which can be interpreted as “the expected change of Y if switching form the smokeless fuel type to the given fuel type, while holding other variables constant”.

Childhood Exposure: Birth Fuel Type

In the following section, we performed traditional linear regression with equation \[Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 * I(Smoky) + \beta_2 * I(Wood) + \beta_3 * I(Mix)\] where \(Y\) is one of the epigenetic age accelerations and the reference as the smokeless fuel type.

The estimations of \(\beta_0\), \(\beta_1\), \(\beta_2\), and \(\beta_3\) with given \(Y\) are shown below, which can be interpreted as “the expected change of Y if switching form the smokeless fuel type to the given fuel type, while holding other variables constant”.

Lifetime Exposure: Cumulative Fuel Type

In the following section, we performed traditional linear regression with equation \[Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 * I(Smoky)\] where \(Y\) is one of the epigenetic age accelerations and the reference as the mix fuel type.

The estimations of \(\beta_0\) and \(\beta_1\) with given \(Y\) are shown below, which can be interpreted as “the expected change of Y if switching form the smokeless fuel type to the given fuel type, while holding other variables constant”.

Stove type

In the following section, we performed traditional linear regression with equation \[Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 * I(HS) + \beta_2 * I(LS) + \beta_3 * I(Mix) + \beta_4 * I(PS)\] where \(Y\) is one of the epigenetic age accelerations and the baseline as the FP stove type.

The estimations of \(\beta_0\), \(\beta_1\), \(\beta_2\), \(\beta_3\), and \(\beta_4\) with given \(Y\) are shown below, which can be interpreted as “the expected change of Y if switching form the FP stove type to the given stove type, while holding other variables constant”.

Linear regression with log transformation

In the following section, we performed traditional regression with equation \[Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 *log(x)\] where \(Y\) is one of the epigenetic age accelerations, and \(X\) is one of the ambient exposure measurements or the urinary measurements.

The estimations of \(\beta_1\) with given \(Y\) and \(log(X)\) are shown below, which can be interpreted as “the mean of Y changes given a one-unit increase in log(X) while holding other variables constant”.

Ambient Exposure

## X: Ambient Exposure Measurements:
##                                                  bap               pm25
## Horvath EAA                       -0.1362   (0.3582) 0.5568    (0.5589)
## Hannum EAA                        -0.2311   (0.3252) -0.2077   (0.504 )
## PhenoAge EAA                      -0.343    (0.3492) -0.1357   (0.5458)
## Skin&Blood EAA                    0.4239    (0.2633) -0.0464   (0.431 )
## GrimAge EAA                       0.1078    (0.2404) 0.3982    (0.3753)
## DNAmTL                            -0.0009   (0.0143) -0.0155   (0.0222)
## IEAA                              -0.4409   (0.3179) 0.45      (0.5099)
## EEAA                              -0.0792   (0.4128) -0.0484   (0.6417)
##                [P<0.001: ***; P<0.01: **; P<0.05: *]               <NA>
##                               ANY                BPE                BaA
## Horvath EAA    0.839     (0.4663) -0.0904   (0.3408) -0.0656   (0.2945)
## Hannum EAA     0.3086    (0.4271) -0.217    (0.3092) -0.1947   (0.2672)
## PhenoAge EAA   0.5895    (0.4442) -0.4076   (0.3313) -0.2221   (0.2874)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.6006    (0.3401) 0.5006 *  (0.249 ) 0.2773    (0.2173)
## GrimAge EAA    0.5475    (0.296 ) 0.1302    (0.2285) 0.0904    (0.1976)
## DNAmTL         -0.0002   (0.0172) -0.0042   (0.0136) -0.0009   (0.0117)
## IEAA           0.6938    (0.4173) -0.3941   (0.3026) -0.3025   (0.2619)
## EEAA           0.3596    (0.5394) -0.1155   (0.3925) -0.0688   (0.3393)
##                              <NA>               <NA>               <NA>
##                               BbF                BkF                CHR
## Horvath EAA    0.0403    (0.3763) -0.1195   (0.3712) 0.0323    (0.3002)
## Hannum EAA     -0.0818   (0.342 ) -0.2105   (0.3371) -0.128    (0.2727)
## PhenoAge EAA   -0.2943   (0.3671) -0.2856   (0.3623) -0.2322   (0.2929)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.4103    (0.2769) 0.4104    (0.2732) 0.1986    (0.2222)
## GrimAge EAA    0.0887    (0.2525) 0.1327    (0.249 ) 0.0771    (0.2014)
## DNAmTL         -0.0004   (0.015 ) 0.0008    (0.0148) 0         (0.0119)
## IEAA           -0.2556   (0.3356) -0.4337   (0.3296) -0.2023   (0.2678)
## EEAA           0.0438    (0.4335) -0.0435   (0.4278) -0.0095   (0.3459)
##                              <NA>               <NA>               <NA>
##                               DBA                FLT                FLU
## Horvath EAA    -0.2082   (0.301 ) -0.1165   (0.2265) 0.9046    (0.5224)
## Hannum EAA     -0.188    (0.2736) -0.2037   (0.2053) 0.1097    (0.4791)
## PhenoAge EAA   -0.1554   (0.2946) -0.1963   (0.221 ) 0.425     (0.4999)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.2699    (0.2226) 0.1118    (0.168 ) 0.5274    (0.3831)
## GrimAge EAA    0.116     (0.2022) 0.0597    (0.1521) 0.4849    (0.3336)
## DNAmTL         -0.0105   (0.012 ) 0.0027    (0.009 ) -0.0073   (0.0192)
## IEAA           -0.4658   (0.2663) -0.2445   (0.2015) 0.7045    (0.4681)
## EEAA           -0.0709   (0.3474) -0.1096   (0.261 ) 0.1407    (0.6048)
##                              <NA>               <NA>               <NA>
##                               IPY                NAP                PHE
## Horvath EAA    -0.2572   (0.3784) 1.3658 *  (0.5334) 0.9223    (0.4917)
## Hannum EAA     -0.31     (0.3435) 0.6014    (0.4947) 0.1548    (0.452 )
## PhenoAge EAA   -0.3773   (0.3692) 0.9077    (0.5135) 0.5547    (0.4701)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.4216    (0.2789) 0.9078 *  (0.3912) 0.5075    (0.3615)
## GrimAge EAA    0.1161    (0.2542) 0.7946 *  (0.341 ) 0.5432    (0.3133)
## DNAmTL         -0.0037   (0.0151) -0.0073   (0.02  ) -0.0058   (0.0181)
## IEAA           -0.5545   (0.3351) 1.1099 *  (0.4791) 0.7783    (0.4397)
## EEAA           -0.2198   (0.4362) 0.7784    (0.6243) 0.2102    (0.5706)
##                              <NA>               <NA>               <NA>
##                               PYR
## Horvath EAA    -0.105    (0.2283)
## Hannum EAA     -0.1869   (0.207 )
## PhenoAge EAA   -0.2032   (0.2227)
## Skin&Blood EAA 0.1428    (0.1692)
## GrimAge EAA    0.0455    (0.1533)
## DNAmTL         0.0015    (0.0091)
## IEAA           -0.254    (0.203 )
## EEAA           -0.0833   (0.2631)
##                              <NA>

Urinary Measurements

## X: Urine Measurements:
##                              Benzanthracene_Chrysene        Naphthalene
## Horvath EAA                       0.2936    (0.4004) -0.099    (0.4973)
## Hannum EAA                        0.0618    (0.3605) -0.0471   (0.447 )
## PhenoAge EAA                      -0.2225   (0.3871) -0.1788   (0.4836)
## Skin&Blood EAA                    0.1819    (0.3059) -0.2704   (0.3813)
## GrimAge EAA                       0.3571    (0.2679) 0.4907    (0.3313)
## DNAmTL                            -0.0202   (0.0157) -0.0148   (0.0197)
## IEAA                              -0.1899   (0.3657) 0.1153    (0.4532)
## EEAA                              0.2803    (0.4572) 0.0566    (0.5687)
##                [P<0.001: ***; P<0.01: **; P<0.05: *]               <NA>
##                2.Methylnaphthalene 1.Methylnaphthalene       Acenaphthene
## Horvath EAA     0.2761    (0.4882)  0.1266    (0.4585) 0.3522    (0.411 )
## Hannum EAA      0.3532    (0.4424)  0.0915    (0.4107) 0.377     (0.3689)
## PhenoAge EAA    -0.0442   (0.4722)  -0.1355   (0.4417) 0.8679 *  (0.3936)
## Skin&Blood EAA  -0.1176   (0.3798)  -0.2415   (0.3515) -0.1501   (0.3164)
## GrimAge EAA     0.6975 *  (0.3304)  0.2879    (0.307 ) 0.5668 *  (0.2723)
## DNAmTL          -0.0337   (0.019 )  -0.0093   (0.0181) -0.0093   (0.0163)
## IEAA            0.1716    (0.447 )  -0.0176   (0.4152) 0.4444    (0.3736)
## EEAA            0.553     (0.5545)  0.3327    (0.523 ) 0.5495    (0.4688)
##                               <NA>                <NA>               <NA>
##                Phenanthrene_Anthracene       Fluoranthene             Pyrene
## Horvath EAA         0.8296 *  (0.3619) 0.7071    (0.4384) 0.5393    (0.7146)
## Hannum EAA          0.2536    (0.3311) 0.0125    (0.398 ) 0.0884    (0.6483)
## PhenoAge EAA        0.5023    (0.3565) 0.4379    (0.4291) 0.3926    (0.6764)
## Skin&Blood EAA      0.1704    (0.2833) 0.0058    (0.3402) 0.711     (0.5271)
## GrimAge EAA         0.5306 *  (0.2436) 0.5115    (0.294 ) 0.4075    (0.4719)
## DNAmTL              -0.04  ** (0.0142) -0.0291   (0.0174) -0.0135   (0.0281)
## IEAA                0.5085    (0.3336) 0.4288    (0.4019) 0.7286    (0.6429)
## EEAA                0.4758    (0.4202) 0.0717    (0.5064) 0.3025    (0.8194)
##                                   <NA>               <NA>               <NA>